岩石模量与应变振幅关系的实验研究及理论解释     

包雪阳  施行觉  温丹  李成波 《中国地震》2005,21(4):508-518

地球介质的非线性弹性造成了岩石动态和静态弹性模量在数值上的差异。本文用超声波速度测量得到岩石的动模量，用含有小循环的加卸载实验得到小循环模量，用大循环的应力、应变曲线斜率得到静模量，用测点的应力、应变之比得到杨氏模量。通过改变小循环的应变振幅来研究模量与应变振幅的关系，进而比较用不同测量方法得到的模量值的差异。结果表明，动模量值最大，小循环模量值次之，大循环静模量值再次之，而杨氏模量最小。岩石非线性模量既是所受应变水平的函数，也是应变振幅的函数，模量随应变振幅的增加以指数形式下降，随应变水平增加以指数形式上升。最后简要介绍了P-M模型的基本概念，用岩石中微裂缝具有不同的分布密度，不同的打开和关闭压力来解释模量与应变振幅的关系。  相似文献   

Evaluation of seismic site factors in the Mississippi Embayment. I. Estimation of dynamic properties   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Duhee Park  Youssef M.A. Hashash 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2005,25(2):133-144

Deep deposits of the Mississippi Embayment, overlying the New Madrid Seismic Zone, present unique challenges for the estimation of local site effects on propagated ground motion. Limited information is available on the dynamic properties of these deposits. This paper develops generalized depth dependent modulus degradation and damping curves specific to the embayment deposits. Depth dependent small strain damping is estimated using weak motion recordings during the Enola earthquake, 2001. Modulus degradation and damping curves are further constrained using limited laboratory test data of embayment soils at low confining pressure. At high confining pressures embayment specific data is unavailable and test data from outside the embayment is used in developing the dynamic properties. The representative modulus degradation and damping curves are used in non-linear and equivalent linear one-dimensional site response analyses. A companion paper describes a large-scale probabilistic seismic hazard analysis study in the Mississippi Embayment that integrates non-linear site effects.  相似文献   

Threshold response of small streams to surface coal mining,bituminous coal fields,central Pennsylvania   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kimball C. N. Touysinhthiphonexay  Thomas W. Gardner 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1984,9(1):43-58

Stream response to surface coal mining and reclamation was studied in 29 small (0·13 to 5·72 km²) watersheds located in the bituminous coal fields of Central Pennsylvania. These basins, up to 82 per cent mined, were selected from 176 first-order tributaries of Beech Creek with similar vegetation, soil, lithology, and basin characteristics. Measurements were made at 262 cross-sections (an average of nine cross-sections per stream) of channel cross-section area, bankfull width, mean bankfull depth, dimensions of the largest moving blocks, stream slope, valley-side slope, basin area, and mined area. Observed differences in channel morphology were related to differences in extent of mining by means of scatter plots, correlation, cluster analysis, and bivariate regression. Stream response to increased peak discharge and channel shear stress produced by increased surface runoff from regraded mine spoil takes the form of enlarged channels and increases in the size of moving blocks. Large basin areas appear to dampen the effect of mining, resulting in limited channel enlargement with greater extent of mining. In contrast, where peak discharges and associated shear stresses exceed the combined erosional resistance of floodplain vegetation, colluvial blocks, and channel banks, streams adjust extensively to higher levels of mining, causing an abrupt increase in the size of transported blocks and eroded channels. In the first-order basins studied, this stepped response occurs at approximately 0·45 km² mined area and 50 per cent of the total basin area mined. For streams that have exceeded both threshold levels, disequilibrium is demonstrated by a strong, positive correlation between local stream slope and basin area. Where both threshold levels of mining are exceeded, steep channel slopes reinforce the tendency of stream cross-sections to increase with greater disturbance by mining, necessitating that these streams rapidly adjust their morphology in order to attain a new equilibrium which is compatible with the conditions imposed by mining and reclamation.  相似文献   

Flow variability and hillslope hydrology     

D. D. Huff  R. V. O'Neill  W. R. Emanuel  J. W. Elwood  J. D. Newbold 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1982,7(1):91-94

Examination of spatial variability of streamflow in headwater areas can provide important insight about factors that influence hillslope hydrology. Detailed observations of variations in stream channel input, based on a tracer experiment, indicate that topography alone cannot explain flow variability. However, determination of changes in channel input on a small spatial scale can provide valuable clues to factors, such as structural geology that control subsurface flows.  相似文献   

Sustainability of tropical small-scale fisheries: Integrated assessment in French Guiana     

《Marine Policy》2014

Like many tropical small-scale fisheries, the French Guiana coastal fishery is characterized by the high fish biodiversity of its ecosystem, the weak selectivity of the fleets exploiting the resources, and the heterogeneity of the vessels in terms of size and fishing techniques. The Rapfish method is used to assess sustainability within 11 fishery systems by means of 27 attributes relating to ecological, economic, social, and technological fields. Overall results indicate an average performance in the weak sustainability range. Comparisons made among the FSs show a gradient of sustainability performance from the western portion of the coast to the eastern portion. Several recommendations are formulated to raise the current “sustainability” status, such as the reduction of discards. This study is used as a complementary tool to the bioeconomic model in order to define a sustainable management plan for the French Guiana coastal fishery.  相似文献   

日光温室中加扣小拱棚的温湿度效应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈笑娟  魏瑞江  薛华  花国军  王鑫  乐章燕 《气象与环境学报》2014,30(5):98-105

利用2013年1-2月河北省清河县日光温室中加扣小拱棚后温湿度观测资料和气象站观测资料,采用数理统计法,对不同天气条件下小拱棚温湿度变化特征和温湿度效应进行分析。结果表明：在晴天、少云-多云天气条件下小拱棚内日最高气温分别达30.0 ℃和25.0 ℃以上,且分别比小拱棚外高1.3-6.6 ℃和1.0-4.5 ℃;在晴天、少云-多云天气条件下小拱棚内日最低气温分别为4.0-11.0 ℃和6.0-14.0 ℃,比小拱棚外高0.0-1.5 ℃。小拱棚内日最小空气相对湿度为50%左右,比小拱棚外高2%-11%,日最大空气相对湿度与小拱棚外持平或略高;小拱棚内0.0 m气温和空气相对湿度日变化幅度均小于小拱棚内0.5 m。连续寡照天气时,小拱棚内气温为5.0-15.0 ℃,空气相对湿度全天为85%以上,温度、湿度变化幅度小且与小拱棚外接近或略高。总体来讲,日光温室加扣小拱棚在晴天或少云-多云天气时具有较好的增温保湿效果,但在寡照天气时增温效果不明显。温室中小拱棚内和小拱棚外温度差、湿度差在白天尤其中午前后较大,而在夜间内外相差较小或无差异。在管理上,应注意预防晴天中午前后小拱棚内温度过高引起的灼伤和寡照天气时低温高湿引起的冻害和病害。  相似文献   

Patterns and causes of uncertainty in the American Community Survey     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2014

In 2010 the American Community Survey (ACS) replaced the long form of the United States decennial census. The ACS is now the principal source of high-resolution geographic information about the U.S. population. The margins of error on ACS census tract-level data are on average 75 percent larger than those of the corresponding 2000 long-form estimate. The practical implications of this increase is that data are sometimes so imprecise that they are difficult to use. This paper explains why the ACS tract and block group estimates have large margins of error. Statistical concepts are explained in plain English. ACS margins of error are attributed to specific methodological decisions made by the Census Bureau. These decisions are best seen as compromises that attempt to balance financial constraints against concerns about data quality, timeliness, and geographic precision. In addition, demographic and geographic patterns in ACS data quality are identified. These patterns are associated with demographic composition of census tracts. Understanding the fundamental causes of uncertainty in the survey suggests a number of geographic strategies for improving the usability and quality ACS.  相似文献   

基于红外实时阈值的全天空云量观测   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

胡树贞  马舒庆  陶法  乔晓燕  张春波 《应用气象学报》2013,24(2):179-188

红外测温传感器在旋转平台控制下定时对全天空进行扫描,拼接全天空红外辐射亮温图像。利用天空中的云点与非云点在红外波段中表现出的不同特性,考虑不同仰角方向天空中云点与非云点的温度差异,结合地面环境参数,实时拟合天顶到水平区间内晴空时刻的温度阈值函数,利用阈值分割方式得出全天空云分布及云量信息。该方法可以有效减少地面环境参数及太阳光照对云图的影响,能够全天实时运行。将利用该方法获取的数据分别与人工观测数据及典型天气条件下可见光测云结果进行对比,结果表明该系统在云量观测方面具有一定的先进性和准确性。  相似文献   

一种改进的扇形波束旋转扫描散射计海面风矢量反演算法     

解学通  文雅  黄舟 《海洋学报(英文版)》2017,36(5):83-89

扇形波束旋转扫描散射计（RFSCAT）是约十年前才被提出来的一种新型星载微波散射计。与其它旋转扫描散射计类似,其星下点附近区域和刈幅边缘区域的风场反演误差相对较大。在本文设定的参数条件下,RFSCAT散射计刈幅边缘区域的风向反演精度相对于轨道中间区域降低了约9°。针对这一问题,本文为RFSCAT散射计提出了一种改进的风矢量反演算法。新算法的主要特征是,根据风向反演偏差直方图,在整个刈幅区域内,对模糊解风向取值区间进行自适应扩展,以获取并保留更多可能风向解。利用模拟的100条轨道的L2A数据,对新算法进行反演验证。实验结果证明,新算法能够有效改善RFSCAT散射计星下点附近区域和轨道刈幅边缘区域的风向反演精度。星下点和刈幅边缘上的风矢量单元的风向反演精度相对于标准的MLE算法分别提高了1.6°和9°。  相似文献   

Value chain analysis and small-scale fisheries management     

《Marine Policy》2017

A value chain analysis is conducted to identify upgrading, that is, improvements in quality and product design that enable producers to gain enhanced value or through diversification in the product lines served. However, a range of data and information of use to managing small-scale fisheries can be also be produced. Eight value chain studies, carried out for specific fish species in different locations around the Philippines, are examined. Policy and management lessons learned and interventions resulting from the value chain analysis for small-scale fisheries management are discussed. Recommendations for using value chain analysis in small-scale fisheries management include stricter regulation on size limits of harvest, monitoring schemes, certification processes, post-harvest facilities, seasonal closures, social enterprises, credit facilities, and habitat protection.  相似文献